Desinformación y derechos de autor: una coexistencia difícil
Resumen
Como es bien sabido, las nuevas tecnologías han cambiado profundamente la forma en que se elabora, comparte y difunden contenidos. Uno de los cambios más recientes (y preocupantes) es el fenómeno de las “noticias falsas”, especialmente desde que la desinformación y la tergiversación intencional de información real han comenzado a afectar la toma de decisiones individuales en la esfera política. Es un fenómeno preocupante debido a que la difusión de noticias falsas puede poner en riesgo los valores democráticos y socavar la seguridad nacional.
En este contexto cabe preguntarse: ¿pueden los derechos de autor desempeñar un rol en la lucha contra las noticias falsas? Y, preliminarmente, ¿cuál es la relación entre esas noticias y los derechos de autor?
En teoría, las noticias falsas caen dentro del objeto de protección de los derechos de autor y, a menudo, pueden cumplir con sus requisitos de protección. El presente artículo analiza tres noticias falsas recientes que se han difundido ampliamente en línea, poniendo de relieve que los derechos de autor pueden subsistir en tales noticias. El primer ejemplo es un breve artículo, mientras que los otros dos ejemplos se refieren a una fotografía modificada digitalmente y un video. No obstante que estas noticias sean potencialmente susceptibles de protección por derechos autorales, proponemos eliminar cualquier derecho de este tipo que pueda surgir, y ello por motivos de interés público. De hecho, cuando una obra goza de protección de derechos de autor, sus titulares tienen un incentivo para explotarla, ya que el monopolio que se les otorga les permite obtener beneficios de la obra, por ejemplo, mediante licencias. Esto puede contribuir a alentar a los creadores de noticias falsas a difundirlas de manera exponencial a través de múltiples canales para llegar a un público amplio. Por lo tanto, excluir los derechos de autor podría contribuir a que las noticias falsas sean menos atractivas. En este artículo también se hará una breve referencia a las defensas de los derechos de autor que las entidades e individuos que verifican la veracidad de las noticias (verificadores de hechos) pueden hacer valer, es decir, la doctrina del uso justo según la ley de los Estados Unidos y varias excepciones disponibles en la legislación de la Unión Europea (y el Reino Unido), a saber, el uso transitorio, la extracción de textos y datos, la excepción de crítica y revisión y de seguridad pública.
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Derechos de autor 2021 Nicola Lucchi Lucchi, Enrico Bonadio, Oreste Pollicino
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