Patentes: flexibilidade do TRIPS em resposta à pandemia do COVID-19. Lições aprendidas e perspectivas para a política futura
Resumo
A emergência sanitária gerada pela Pandemia COVID -19, tem provocado um profundo debate a respeito da atribuição dos direitos de Propriedade Industrial (PI), entre os quais mantém que, esses direitos podem obstaculizar o desenvolvimento, a fabricação e a distribuição de produtos essenciais para fazer frente aos efeitos da Pandemia. E também estão aqueles, que no sentido oposto argumentam, que a proteção dos direitos de PI, é fundamental para o estímulo da inovação e transferência de tecnologia. Neste contexto, o presente artigo, demonstrando exemplos concretos com referências à atual pandemia e outros exemplos do passado; tem como objetivo o análise da manifestada colisão, entre os direitos exclusivos que desfrutam aqueles que são os detentores das patentes, e o interesse geral da sociedade, na disponibilidade e efetivo acesso de maneira igualitária aos medicamentos essenciais, em relação às diferentes medidas disponíveis tanto quanto com o legislativo ou o internacional.
Assim como também as diferentes iniciativas, como por exemplo: a proposta de renúncia temporária dos direitos de PI aṕresentada à OMC por alguns países, atualmente em debate internacional. Conclui-se que a procura do equilíbrio tem que passar pela cooperação internacional, que possa estabelecer uma delicada avaliação, para satisfazer o interesse pelo acesso a tecnologias essenciais para contrariar a pandemia, salvaguardando os estímulos para a inovação, e também contribuir para uma imagem regulatória, que possa fazer frente às possíveis crises sanitárias futuras.
O artigo esta organizado do modo seguinte: Parte 1: Contextualizar o atual debate. Parte 2: Fazer análise desde uma perspectiva histórica, da colisão entre os direitos de PI e a saúde pública, evidenciando as flexibilidades oferecidas pelo ADPIC, como assim também casos específicos da aplicação de licenças forçosas. Parte 3: Partindo de casos acontecidos durante a pandemia, e que deram lugar ao debate público, faz análise das flexibilidades do ADPIC, em particular as licenças forçosas, como uma medida de resposta ao COVID-19; descrevendo as principais medidas adotadas por alguns Estados, como assim também iniciativas de tipo “voluntariado”. Parte 4: Faz análise das diferentes posições em relação ao debate atual, com respeito às propostas de suspensão generalizada dos direitos de PI em tempos de pandemia. Parte 5: Esboça conclusões.
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