Mujeres abusadas que matan
Una mirada de género a la legítima defensa y al "síndrome de la mujer golpeada" en el derecho canadiense desde el caso "R v. Lavallee"
Resumen
El propósito del presente artículo es analizar la aplicación de la excluyente de responsabilidad de la legítima defensa en los casos de mujeres abusadas que matan a sus abusadores, con énfasis en las dificultades teóricas y prácticas que presenta tal figura desde una perspectiva de género. Se aborda la institución de la legítima defensa simultáneamente desde una doble mirada: la perspectiva de la violencia de pareja y la perspectiva del derecho canadiense. Se reflexiona sobre soluciones alternativas en los casos en los que se produjo una defensa diferida, inquiriendo sobre la posibilidad de una respuesta más equitativa por parte de las instituciones. La legítima defensa resguarda a quien mata a otro para defenderse a sí mismo o a un tercero. Aunque esta aseveración parezca incuestionable, es en realidad una zona de grises en el derecho penal. Las mujeres violentadas durante largos periodos de tiempo, que un día matan a sus maltratadores, generalmente no lo hacen durante una confrontación física. En este artículo, en lugar de restringir el análisis meramente a los hechos ocurridos el día de la muerte del maltratador, se dará marcha atrás en el tiempo para desmenuzar con detenimiento el ciclo de violencias recurrentes y el “síndrome de la mujer golpeada”, así como también la teoría del “control coercitivo” en el contexto canadiense. Se parte del famoso caso canadiense Rust v. Lavallee (1990). Se señalarán las dificultades en el alcance de algunos de los requisitos de las causales de legítima defensa y su insuficiencia para responder a las realidades de las mujeres violentadas. Esta investigación, realizada a través de un análisis de la eximente de responsabilidad penal y de sus requisitos, evidencia una preocupante desconexión entre el derecho actual y la realidad de la violencia contra las mujeres.
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